CVI Research Library

Written by: Rachel Bennett

Welcome to the CVI Center’s Research Library with current peer-reviewed research about CVI, the visual system, and the brain. This library serves as the foundation for the Perkins CVI Protocol and will continue to evolve as new CVI research emerges.

The visual system and the implications of damage to the visual system continue to be studied by research scientists and medical providers, including specific studies about CVI. As parents and professionals, it’s important to stay up to date with current research. Knowledge about the brain can get outdated quicker than we think. Scientists and clinicians are learning more and more about the brain, and specifically how our visual system works and what happens when there are specific impairments to the visual system.

The need for more research about CVI is paramount as we strive to improve outcomes for individuals with CVI. We need more research at every level, in every area so we can better understand how the brain works, the myriad of ways CVI manifests in individuals, and rehabilitative and educational approaches.

Research Categories

The research is organized by various categories, including the CVI visual behaviors. Use the links below to navigate to the topic of research that you would like to explore.

Prevalence of CVI / Etiology of CVI / Impact of CVI
CVI, the Brain, and Neuroplasticity
CVI Clinical Assessment / Need for Diagnostic Tools
Visual Attention
Visual Recognition
Visual Curiosity
Form Accessibility
Visual Field Abilities
Visual Guidance of Upper Limbs
Visual Guidance of Lower Limbs
Impact of Motion: Attention to Movement / Impaired Perception of Movement
Sensory Integration and the Impact on Functional Vision
Impact of Color
Impact of Light
Impact of Clutter/Crowding
Access to People
Response Interval
Compensatory Skills

Prevalence of CVI / Etiology of CVI / Impact of CVI

Bosch, D., Boonstra, F., Willemsen, M., Cremers, F., & de Vries, B. (2014). Low vision due to cerebral visual impairment: differentiating between acquired and genetic causes. BMC Ophthalmology 14(59), 1-9.
Bosch, D. G., et al. (2016). Novel genetic causes for cerebral visual impairment. European journal of human genetics: EJHG, 24(5), 660–665.
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
S. Chokron, K. Kovarski, T. Zalla, G.N. Dutton. (2020). The inter-relationships between cerebral visual impairment, autism and intellectual disability. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Volume 114, 201-210.
Corre, C. et al. (2022). Cerebral Visual Impairment in Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy: Prevalence, Presentation, and Neuroimaging Correlates (P1-5.004). Neurology: May 2022, 98 (18 Supplement) 1062.
Fazzi, E., Molinaro, A., & Harmann, E. (2015). “The potential impact of visual impairment and CVI on child development.” In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 83-104). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Fazzi, E., Signorini, S. G., Bova, S. M., La Piana, R., Ondei, P., Bertone, C., Misefari, W., & Bianchi, P. E. (2007). Spectrum of visual disorders of children with cerebral visual impairment. Journal of Child Neurology, 22, 294-301.
Fazzi, E., Signorini, S., Paina, R., Bertone, C., Misefari, W., Galli, J., Balottin, U., & Bianchi, P. (2012). Neuro-ophthalmological disorders in cerebral palsy: ophthalmological, oculomotor, and visual aspects. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 54(8), 730-736.
Goodenough, T., Pease A., Williams C. (2021). Bridging the Gap: Parent and Child Perspectives of Living With Cerebral Visual Impairments. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,15, 373.
Jimenez-Gomez A, Fisher KS, Zhang KX, Liu C, Sun Q and Shah VS (2022) Longitudinal neurological analysis of moderate and severe pediatric cerebral visual impairment. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:772353.
Kran, B. S., Lawrence, L., Mayer, D. L., & Heidary, G. (2019). Cerebral/cortical visual impairment: a need to reassess current definitions of visual impairment and blindness. Semin Pediatr Neurol 00, 1-5.
Kong, L., Fry, M., Al-Samarraie, M., Gilbert, C. & Steinkuller, P. G. (2012). An update on progress and the changing epidemiology of causes of childhood blindness worldwide. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 16, 501-507.
Kozeis, N. (2010). Brain visual impairment in children: mini review. Hippokratia 14(4), 249-251.
Leahy KE, et al. (2024) Managing the apparently blind child presenting in the first year of life: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1-12.
Ionta S (2021). Visual Neuropsychology in Development: Anatomo-Functional Brain Mechanisms of Action/Perception Binding in Health and Disease. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 15:689912.
Macintyre-Beon, C., Young, D., Dutton, G., Mitchell, K., Simpson, J., Loffler, G., Bowman, R., & Hamilton, R. (2013). Cerebral visual dysfunction in prematurely born children attending mainstream school. Documenta Opthalmologica 127(2), 89-102.
Molinaro A, Micheletti S, Rossi A, Gitti F, Galli J, Merabet LB, Fazzi EM. (2020). Autistic-Like Features in Visually Impaired Children: A Review of Literature and Directions for Future Research. Brain Sciences. 10(8):507.
Olson, H, et al, (2021). Cerebral visual impairment in CDKL5 deficiency disorder: vision as an outcome measure. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 63 (11) 1308-1315.
Philip, S.S. and Dutton, G.N. (2014). Cerebral visual impairment in children: a review. Clin Exp Optom, 97: 196-208.
Philip, S. S., Guzzetta, A., Chorna, O., Gole, G., & Boyd, R. N. (2020). Relationship between brain structure and cerebral visual impairment in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities.
Pilling, R.F. (2022) Make it easier: 3-word strategies to help children with cerebral visual impairment use their vision more effectively. Eye.
Pilling, R.F., Allen, L., Bowman, R. et al. (2022). Clinical assessment, investigation, diagnosis and initial management of cerebral visual impairment: a consensus practice guide. Eye.
Robitaille, J. M. (2023). Long-Term Visual Outcomes in Prematurely Born Children, Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility.
Sandfeld Nielsen, L., Skov, L. and Jensen, H. (2007), Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. I. prevalence, diagnoses and aetiology of visual impairment. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 85: 149-156.
Teoh, L.J., et al. (2021). Temporal trends in the epidemiology of childhood severe visual impairment and blindness in the UK. Br J Ophthalmol, 0:1–8.
Tooth, C., Pilling, R. F., & Woodhouse, J. M. (2024). Raising awareness of Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) through the use of educational videos: One size does not fit all. British Journal of Visual Impairment.
Williams, C., Pease, A., Warnes, P., Harrison, S., Pilon, F., Hyvarinen, L., West, S., Self, J., Ferris, J. and (2021), Cerebral visual impairment-related vision problems in primary school children: a cross-sectional survey. Dev Med Child Neurol, 63: 683-689.
Wilton, G. et al (2021). Behavioural Features of Cerebral Visual Impairment Are Common in Children With Down Syndrome. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Volume 15.

CVI, the Brain, and Neuroplasticity

Atkinson, J., & Braddick, O. (2011). From genes to brain development to phenotypic behavior: “dorsal-stream vulnerability” in relation to spatial cognition, attention, and planning of actions in Williams syndrome (WS) and other developmental disorders. Progress in Brain Research, 189, 261–283.
Bennett CR, Bauer CM, Bailin ES, Merabet LB. (2020). Neuroplasticity in cerebral visual impairment (CVI): Assessing functional vision and the neurophysiological correlates of dorsal stream dysfunction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 108 :171 – 181.
Chokron, S. & Dutton, G. N. (2016). Impact of cerebral visual impairments on motor skills: Implications for developmental coordination disorders. Frontiers in Psychology 7(1471), 1-15.
Galli J, Ambrosi C, Micheletti S, Merabet LB, Pinardi C, Gasparotti R, Fazzi E. (2018) White matter changes associated with cognitive visual dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy: A diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurosci Res 96(11), 1766-1774.
Hellgren, K., Jacobson, L., Frumento, P., Bolk, J., Aden, U., Libertus, M. E., & Benassi, M. (2020). Cerebral visual impairment captured with a structured history inventory in extremely preterm born children aged 6.5 years. Journal of AAPOS 24(1), 28.e1-28.e8
Jan, J. E., Heaven, R. K. B., Matsuba, C., Langley, M. B., Roman-Lantzy, C., & Anthony, T. L. (2013). Windows into the Visual Brain: New Discoveries about the Visual System, Its Functions, and Implications for Practitioners. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 107(4), 251–261.
Ionta S (2021). Visual Neuropsychology in Development: Anatomo-Functional Brain Mechanisms of Action/Perception Binding in Health and Disease. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 15:689912.
Martin, M., Santos-Lozano, A., Martin-Hernandez, J., Lopez-Miguel, A., Maldonado, M., Baladron, C., Bauer, C., & Merabet, L. (2016). Cerebral versus ocular visual impairment: the impact on developmental neuroplasticity. Frontiers in Psychology 7(1958), 1-9
Merabet, L. B., Mayer, D. L., Bauer, C. M., Wright, D., & Kran, B. S. (2017). Disentangling how the brain is ‘wired’ in Cortical (Cerebral) visual impairment. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 24, 83-91.
Pavlova, M., Sokolov, A., Birbaumer, N., & Kregeloh-Mann, I. (2006). Biological motion processing in adolescents with early periventricular brain damage. Neuopsychologia 44, 586-593.
Ray, D., et al. (2020). Large-scale Functional Integration, Rather than Functional Dissociation along Dorsal and Ventral Streams, Underlies Visual Perception and Action. J Cogn Neurosci 32 (5): 847–861.
Silvio, I. (2021). Visual Neuropsychology in Development: Anatomo-Functional Brain Mechanisms of Action/Perception Binding in Health and Disease. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 282.
Weinstein, J., Gilmore, R., Shaikh, S., Runselman, A., Trescher, W., Tashima, L., Boltz, M., Mcauliffe, M., Cheung, A., & Fesi, J. (2011). Defective motional processing in children with cerebral visual impairment due to periventricular white matter damage. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 54, e1-e8.

CVI Clinical Assessment / Need for Diagnostic Tools

Almagati R. and Kran B. (2021). Implications of a Remote Study of Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment for Conducting Virtual Pediatric Eye Care Research: Virtual Assessment Is Possible for Children With CVI. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 538.
Ben Itzhak, N., Kooiker, M., J. van der Steen, J., Pel, J. , Wagemans, J., Ortibus, E. (2021). The relation between visual orienting functions, daily visual behaviour and visuoperceptual performance in children with (suspected) cerebral visual impairment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 119, 104092.
Ben Itzhak, N., Vancleef, K. Franki, I. ALaenen, A., Wagemans, J. & Ortibus, E. (2021). Quantifying visuoperceptual profiles of children with cerebral visual impairment, Child Neuropsychology, 27:8, 995-1023.
Boonstra FN, Bosch DGM, Geldof CJA, Stellingwerf C and Porro G. (2022). The Multidisciplinary Guidelines for Diagnosis and Referral in Cerebral Visual Impairment. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:727565.
Baranello, G, Signorini, S, Tinelli, F, et al. 2020. Visual Function Classification System for children with cerebral palsy: development and validation. Dev Med Child Neurol, 62: 104–110.
Chang, M. Y. & Borchert, M. S. (2020). Advances in the evaluation and management of cortical/cerebral visual impairment in children. Survey of Ophthalmology 65, 708-724.
Chokron, S. & Dutton, G. N. (2016). Impact of cerebral visual impairments on motor skills: Implications for developmental coordination disorders. Frontiers in Psychology 7(1471), 1-15.
Fazzi, E., Molinaro, A., & Harmann, E. (2015). “The potential impact of visual impairment and CVI on child development.” In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 83-104). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
García-Ormaechea, I., González, I., Duplá, M., Andres, E., & Pueyo, V. (2014). Validation of the Preverbal Visual Assessment (PreViAs) questionnaire. Early human development, 90(10), 635–638.
Goodenough, T., Pease A., Williams C. (2021). Bridging the Gap: Parent and Child Perspectives of Living With Cerebral Visual Impairments. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,15, 373.
Gorrie, F., Goodall, K., Rush, R., & Ravenscroft, J. (2019). Towards population screening for Cerebral Visual Impairment: Validity of the Five Questions and the CVI Questionnaire. PloS one, 14(3), e0214290.
Hellgren, K., Jacobson, L., Frumento, P., Bolk, J., Aden, U., Libertus, M. E., & Benassi, M. (2020). Cerebral visual impairment captured with a structured history inventory in extremely preterm born children aged 6.5 years. Journal of AAPOS 24(1), 28.e1-28.e8
Jimenez-Gomez A, Fisher KS, Zhang KX, Liu C, Sun Q and Shah VS (2022) Longitudinal neurological analysis of moderate and severe pediatric cerebral visual impairment. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:772353.
Kooiker Marlou J. G., van Gils Maud M., van der Zee Ymie J., Swarte Renate M. C., Smit Liesbeth S., Loudon Sjoukje, van der Steen Sanny, Reiss Irwin K. M., Pel Johan J. M., van der Steen Johannes (2021). Early Screening of Visual Processing Dysfunctions in Children Born Very or Extremely Preterm. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 653.
McDowell, N., & Butler, P. (2023). Validation of the Austin Assessment: A screening tool for cerebral visual impairment related visual issues. PloS one, 18(11), e0293904.
Moon, J. H., et al.(2021). Development of the parental questionnaire for cerebral visual impairment in children younger than 72 months. Journal of Clinical Neurology (Korea), 17(3), 354-362.
Mooney S., Alam, N., Prusky, G. (2021). Tracking-Based Interactive Assessment of Saccades, Pursuits, Visual Field, and Contrast Sensitivity in Children With Brain Injury. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 649.
Ortibus, E., Laenen, A., Verhoeven, J., De Cock, P., Schoolmeesters, B., Buyck, A., & Lagae, L. (2011). Screening for Cerebral Visual Impairment: Value of a CVI Questionnaire. Neuropediatrics, 42, 138-147.
Raja, S., Emadi, B. S., Gaier, E. D., Gise, R. A., Fulton, A. B., & Heidary, G. (2021). Evaluation of the Relationship Between Preferential Looking Testing and Visual Evoked Potentials as a Biomarker of Cerebral Visual Impairment. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 15, 769259.
Pilling, R.F., Allen, L., Bowman, R. et al. (2022). Clinical assessment, investigation, diagnosis and initial management of cerebral visual impairment: a consensus practice guide. Eye.
Pilling, R. F., Allen, L., Anketell, P., Bullaj, R., Harwood, J., & Little, S. (2023). Visual Behaviours (ViBes) in Cerebral Visual Impairment: Validating a Descriptive Tool to Support Diagnosis and Monitoring. The British and Irish orthoptic journal, 19 (1), 44–51.
Signorini S, Luparia A, Cappagli G, Perotto E, Antonini M, Morelli F, Aprile G, Ballante E, Figini S, Borgatti R and VFS Study Group (2022) Visual Function Score: A New Clinical Tool to Assess Visual Function and Detect Visual Disorders in Children. Front. Pediatr. 10:868974.
Tanke N., Barsingerhorn A. D., Goossens J., Boonstra N., (2021). The Developmental Eye Movement Test as a Diagnostic Aid in Cerebral Visual Impairment. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 645.
Tsirka, A., Liasis, A., Kuczynksi, A., Vargha-Khadem, F., Kukadia, R., Dutton, G., & Bowman, R. (2020). Clinical use of the insight inventory in cerebral visual impairment and the effectiveness of tailored habitational strategies. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1-7.

Visual Attention

Altemir I, et. al. (2022). Evaluation of Fixational Behavior throughout Life. Brain Sciences, 12(1):19.
Atkinson, J. (2017). Visual Brain Development: A review of ‘‘Dorsal Stream Vulnerability’’—motion, mathematics, amblyopia, actions, and attention. The David Teller Award Lecture, 2016. Journal of Vision, 17(3): 26, 1-24.
Atkinson, J., & Braddick, O. (2011). From genes to brain development to phenotypic behavior: “dorsal-stream vulnerability” in relation to spatial cognition, attention, and planning of actions in Williams syndrome (WS) and other developmental disorders. Progress in Brain Research, 189, 261–283.
Avramidis, K., Chang, M. Y., Sharma, R., Borchert, M. S., & Narayanan, S. (2024). Evaluating Atypical Gaze Patterns through Vision Models: The Case of Cortical Visual Impairment. ArXiv.
Chokron, S. & Dutton, G. N. (2016). Impact of cerebral visual impairments on motor skills: Implications for developmental coordination disorders. Frontiers in Psychology 7(1471), 1-15
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
Das, M., Bennett, D. M., & Dutton, G. N. (2007). Visual attention as an important visual function: an outline of manifestations, diagnosis and management of impaired visual attention. British Journal of Ophthalmology 91, 1556-1560.
Manley, C. E., Bauer, C. M., Bex, P. J., & Merabet, L. B. (2023). Impaired visuospatial processing in cerebral visual impairment revealed by performance on a conjunction visual search task. British Journal of Visual Impairment
Philip, S.S. and Dutton, G.N. (2014), Cerebral visual impairment in children: a review. Clin Exp Optom, 97: 196-208.
Prieler, T., Wood, C., & Thomson, J. M. (2018). Developing a visual attention assessment for children at school entry. Frontiers in Psychology 9(2496), 1-14.

Visual Recognition

Carbon, C.C. (2014). Understanding human perception by human-made illusions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 566.
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
Dutton, G. (2015). “The brain and vision.” In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 21-38). American Foundation for the Blind Press. New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Dutton, G. (2015). “ Disorders of the brain and how they can affect vision.” In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 39-82). American Foundation for the Blind Press. New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(6), 223-233.
Karimi-Rouzbahani, H., Bagheri, N., & Ebrahimpour, R. (2017). Invariant object recognition is a personalized selection of invariant features in humans, not simply explained by hierarchical feed-forward vision models. Scientific Reports, 7(14402), 1-24.
Manley, CE, Walter, K., Micheletti, S., Tietjen, M., Cantillon, E., Fazzi, E., Bex, P., Merabet, L (2023). Object identification in cerebral visual impairment characterized by gaze behavior and image saliency analysis. Brain Dev (2023).
Philip, S.S. and Dutton, G.N. (2014), Cerebral visual impairment in children: a review. Clin Exp Optom, 97: 196-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12155
Steendam, M. (2015). “Improving functional use of vision for children with CVI and multiple disabilities.” A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 571-612). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.

Visual Curiosity

Chokron, S. & Dutton, G. N. (2016). Impact of cerebral visual impairments on motor skills: Implications for developmental coordination disorders. Frontiers in Psychology 7(1471), 1-15.
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.

Form Accessibility

Atkinson, J. (2017). Visual Brain Development: A review of ‘‘Dorsal Stream Vulnerability’’—motion, mathematics, amblyopia, actions, and attention. The David Teller Award Lecture, 2016. Journal of Vision, 17(3): 26, 1-24.
Atkinson, J., & Braddick, O. (2011). From genes to brain development to phenotypic behavior: “dorsal-stream vulnerability” in relation to spatial cognition, attention, and planning of actions in Williams syndrome (WS) and other developmental disorders. Progress in Brain Research, 189, 261–283.
Behrmann, M. & Plaut, D. C. (2013). Distributed circuits, not circumscribed centers, mediate visual recognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 210-219.
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
Good, W. V., Hou, C., & Norcia, A. M. (2012). Spatial contrast sensitivity vision loss in children with cortical visual impairment. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 53(12), 7730–7734.
Lueck, A. H., & Dutton, G. N. (2015). “Intervention Methods: Overview and Principles.” A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 497-536). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Manley, CE, Walter, K., Micheletti, S., Tietjen, M., Cantillon, E., Fazzi, E., Bex, P., Merabet, L (2023). Object identification in cerebral visual impairment characterized by gaze behavior and image saliency analysis. Brain Dev (2023).
Philip, S.S. and Dutton, G.N. (2014), Cerebral visual impairment in children: a review. Clin Exp Optom, 97: 196-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12155
Karimi-Rouzbahani, H., Bagheri, N. & Ebrahimpour, R. (2017). Invariant object recognition is a personalized selection of invariant features in humans, not simply explained by hierarchical feed-forward vision models. Scientific Reports 7(14402), 1-24.

Visual Field Abilities

Merabet, L. B., Mayer, D. L., Bauer, C. M., Wright, D., & Kran, B. S. (2017). Disentangling how the brain is ‘wired’ in Cortical (Cerebral) visual impairment. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 24, 83-91.
Chokron, S. & Dutton, G. N. (2016). Impact of cerebral visual impairments on motor skills: Implications for developmental coordination disorders. Frontiers in Psychology 7(1471), 1-15
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
Lueck, A. H., & Dutton, G. N. (2015). “Intervention Methods: Overview and Principles.” A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 497-536). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Berryman, A., Rasavage, K., & Politzer, T. (2010). Practical clinical treatment strategies for evaluation and treatment of visual field loss and visual inattention. Neuro Rehabilitation, 27, 261-268.
Nijboer, T. C.W. & Van Der Stigchel, S. (2019). Visuospatial neglect is more severe when stimulus density is large. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 41(4), 399-410.
Philip, S.S. and Dutton, G.N. (2014), Cerebral visual impairment in children: a review. Clin Exp Optom, 97: 196-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12155

Visual Guidance of Upper Limbs

Atkinson, J. (2017). Visual Brain Development: A review of ‘‘Dorsal Stream Vulnerability’’—motion, mathematics, amblyopia, actions, and attention. The David Teller Award Lecture, 2016. Journal of Vision, 17(3): 26, 1-24.
Atkinson, J., & Braddick, O. (2011). From genes to brain development to phenotypic behavior: “dorsal-stream vulnerability” in relation to spatial cognition, attention, and planning of actions in Williams syndrome (WS) and other developmental disorders. Progress in Brain Research, 189, 261–283.
Chokron, S. & Dutton, G. N. (2016). Impact of cerebral visual impairments on motor skills: Implications for developmental coordination disorders. Frontiers in Psychology 7(1471), 1-15.
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
Goodale, M. A. (2013). Separate visual systems for perception and action: a framework for understanding cortical visual impairment. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 55(4), 9-12.
Greulich, R. S., Adam, R., Everling, S., and Scherberger, H. (2020). Shared functional connectivity between the dorso-medial and dorso-ventral streams in macaques. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–17.
Kelly, J., Phillips, J., Saneto, R., Khalatbari, H., Poliakov, A., Tarczy-Hornoch, K., & Weiss, A. (2021). Cerebral visual impairment characterized by abnormal visual orienting behavior with preserved visual cortex activation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 62(6), 1-11.
Van Polanen, V., and Davare, M. (2015). Interactions between dorsal and ventral streams for controlling skilled grasp. Neuropsychologia 79, 186–191.

Visual Guidance of Lower Limbs

Atkinson, J., & Braddick, O. (2011). From genes to brain development to phenotypic behavior: “dorsal-stream vulnerability” in relation to spatial cognition, attention, and planning of actions in Williams syndrome (WS) and other developmental disorders. Progress in Brain Research, 189, 261–283.
Gilaie-Dotan, S. (2016). Visual motion serves but is not under the purview of the dorsal pathway. Neuopsychologia, 89, 378-392.
Chokron, S. & Dutton, G. N. (2016). Impact of cerebral visual impairments on motor skills: Implications for developmental coordination disorders. Frontiers in Psychology 7(1471), 1-15.
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
Philip, S.S. and Dutton, G.N. (2014), Cerebral visual impairment in children: a review. Clin Exp Optom, 97: 196-208.

Impact of Motion

Atkinson, J. (2017). Visual Brain Development: A review of ‘‘Dorsal Stream Vulnerability’’—motion, mathematics, amblyopia, actions, and attention. The David Teller Award Lecture, 2016. Journal of Vision, 17(3): 26, 1-24.
Chandna, A., Nichiporuk, N., Nicholas, S., Kumar, R., & Norcia, A. M. (2021). Motion processing deficits in children with cerebral visual impairment and good visual acuity. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 62(12).
Chang, M. Y. & Borchert, M. S. (2020). Advances in the evaluation and management of cortical/cerebral visual impairment in children. Survey of Ophthalmology 65, 708-724.
Gilaie-Dotan, S. (2016). Visual motion serves but is not under the purview of the dorsal pathway. Neuopsychologia, 89, 378-392.
Lueck, A. H., & Dutton, G. N. (2015). “Intervention Methods: Overview and Principles.” A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 497-536). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Merabet, LB, Manley, CE, Pamir, Z, Bauer, CM, Skerswetat, J, Bex, PJ. Motion and form coherence processing in individuals with cerebral visual impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2023; 00: 1– 8.
Pamir, Z., Bauer, C. M., Bailin, E. S., P. J., Somers, D. C., & Merabet, L. B. (2021). Neural correlates associated with impaired global motion perception in cerebral visual impairment (CVI). NeuroImage. Clinical, 32, 102821. Advance online publication.
Philip, S.S. and Dutton, G.N. (2014), Cerebral visual impairment in children: a review. Clin Exp Optom, 97: 196-208.
van der Zee, Y. J., Stiers, P., Lagae, L., & Evenhuis, H. M. (2021). Clinical Assessment of Visual Motion Perception in Children With Brain Damage: A Comparison With Base Rates and Control Sample. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 15, 733054.
Weinstein, J., Gilmore, R., Shaikh, S., Runselman, A., Trescher, W., Tashima, L., Boltz, M., Mcauliffe, M., Cheung, A., & Fesi, J. (2011). Defective motional processing in children with cerebral visual impairment due to periventricular white matter damage. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 54, e1-e8.

Sensory Integration

McDowell, N., & Budd, J. (2018). The Perspectives of Teachers and Paraeducators on the Relationship between Classroom Clutter and Learning Experiences for Students with Cerebral Visual Impairment. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 112(3), 248–260.
Dutton, G. (2015). “The brain and vision.” In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 21-38). American Foundation for the Blind Press. New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Lueck, A. H., & Dutton, G. N. (2015). “Intervention Methods: Overview and Principles.” A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 497-536). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.

Impact of Color

Claeys, K., Dupont, P. Cornette, L. Sunaert, S., Van Hecke, P., De Schutter, E., & Orban,G. (2004) Color Discrimination Involves Ventral and Dorsal Stream Visual Areas, Cerebral Cortex, 14(7), 803–822.
Cohen-Maitre, S. A. & Haerich, P. (2005). Visual attention to movement and color in children with cortical visual impairment. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 99(7), 1-19.
Lueck, A. H., & Dutton, G. N. (2015). “Intervention Methods: Overview and Principles.” A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 497-536). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Ting Siok, W., Kay, P., Wang, W. S., Chan, A. H., Chen, L., Luke, K. K., et al. (2009). Language regions of brain are operative in color perception. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 8140–8145.
Yoto, A., Katsuura, T., Iwanaga, K., and Shimomura, Y. (2007). Effects of object color stimuli on human brain activities in perception and attention referred to EEG alpha band response. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 26, 373–379.

Impact of Light

Geetha, V. K. P. (2020). Cerebral visual impairment in children. Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology 32(1), 27-35.
Jan. J. E., Groenveld, M., & Sykanda, A. (1990). Light-gazing by visually impaired children. Dev Med Child Neurology 32(9), 755-759.
Lueck, A. H., & Dutton, G. N. (2015). “Intervention Methods: Overview and Principles.” A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 497-536). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.

Impact of Clutter/Crowding

Balan PF, Oristaglio J, Schneider DM, Gottlieb J. (2008). Neuronal Correlates of the Set-Size Effect in Monkey Lateral Intraparietal Area. PLoS Biol 6(7): e158.
Bennett CR, Bauer CM, Bailin ES, Merabet LB. (2020). Neuroplasticity in cerebral visual impairment (CVI): Assessing functional vision and the neurophysiological correlates of dorsal stream dysfunction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 108 :171 – 181.
Bennett, C. R., Bex, P. J., & Merabet, L. B. (2021). Assessing visual search performance using a novel dynamic naturalistic scene. Journal of vision, 21(1), 5.
Bennett C.R., Bailin E.S., Gottlieb T.K., Bauer C.M., Bex P.J., Merabet L.B. (2018) Virtual Reality Based Assessment of Static Object Visual Search in Ocular Compared to Cerebral Visual Impairment. In: Antona M., Stephanidis C. (eds) Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Virtual, Augmented, and Intelligent Environments. UAHCI 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10908. Springer, Cham.
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
Kempgens, et al. (2013). Set-size effects for sampled shapes: experiments and model. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 7, 67.
McCarthy, T.V., Sowers, D. J., Wolf, S. J., & Wilkinson, K. M. (2021). A preliminary study of the relation of visual attention to stimulus complexity and functional vision in individuals with Cortical Visual Impairment: Implications for augmentative and alternative communication. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 1-15.
McDowell, N., & Budd, J. (2018). The Perspectives of Teachers and Paraeducators on the Relationship between Classroom Clutter and Learning Experiences for Students with Cerebral Visual Impairment. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 112(3), 248–260.
Philip, S.S. and Dutton, G.N. (2014), Cerebral visual impairment in children: a review. Clin Exp Optom, 97: 196-208.
Wilkinson, K. M. & Wolf, S. J. (2021). An in-depth case description of gaze patterns of an individual with cortical visual impairment to stimuli of varying complexity: Implications for augmentative and alternative communication design. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 1-12.

Access to People

Bauer, C. M., Manley, C. E., Ravenscroft, J., Cabral, H., Dilks, D. D., & Bex, P. J. (2023). Deficits in Face Recognition and Consequent Quality-of-Life Factors in Individuals with Cerebral Visual Impairment. Vision, 7(1), 9.
Behrmann, M. & Plaut, D. C. (2013). Distributed circuits, not circumscribed centers, mediate visual recognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 210-219.
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
Dalrymple, K. A. & Palermo, R. (2016). Guidelines for studying developmental prosopagnosia in adults and children with CVI. WIREs Cognitive Science, 7, 73-87.
Duchaine, B. C. & Nakayama, K. (2006). Developmental prosopagnosia: a window to content-specific face processing. Current Opinions in Neurobiology.16, 166-173.
Dutton, G. (2015). “Disorders of the brain and how they can affect vision.” In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 39-82). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Dutton, G. (2015). “The brain and vision.” In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 21-38). American Foundation for the Blind Press. New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Dutton, G. (2015). “Assessment of Function Vision: Assessment of visual processing in children with CVI.” In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 343-390). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Lange J, de Lussanet M, Kuhlmann S, Zimmermann A, Lappe M, Zwitserlood P, et al. (2009) Impairments of Biological Motion Perception in Congenital Prosopagnosia. PLoS ONE 4(10): e7414.
Hadders-Algra, M. (2022). Human face and gaze perception is highly context specific and involves bottom-up and top-down neural processing. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 132, 304-323.
Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 223-233.
Shinskey, J. & Jachens, L. (2014) Picturing Objects in Infancy. Child Development, 85(5).

Response Interval

Bennett CR, Bauer CM, Bailin ES, Merabet LB. (2020). Neuroplasticity in cerebral visual impairment (CVI): Assessing functional vision and the neurophysiological correlates of dorsal stream dysfunction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 108 :171 – 181.
Chang, M. Y. & Borchert, M. S. (2020). Advances in the evaluation and management of cortical/cerebral visual impairment in children. Survey of Ophthalmology 65, 708-724.
Chokron, S., Klara, K., & Gordon D. (2021). Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 573.
Fazzi, E., et al. (2007). Spectrum of Visual Disorders in Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment. Journal of Child Neurology, 22(3), 294–301.
Manley, CE, Walter, K., Micheletti, S., Tietjen, M., Cantillon, E., Fazzi, E., Bex, P., Merabet, L (2023). Object identification in cerebral visual impairment characterized by gaze behavior and image saliency analysis. Brain Dev (2023).
Philip, S.S. and Dutton, G.N. (2014), Cerebral visual impairment in children: a review. Clin Exp Optom, 97: 196-208.
Pilling, R.F. (2022) Make it easier: 3-word strategies to help children with cerebral visual impairment use their vision more effectively. Eye.
Pilling, R.F., Allen, L., Bowman, R. et al. (2022). Clinical assessment, investigation, diagnosis and initial management of cerebral visual impairment: a consensus practice guide. Eye.

Compensatory Skills

Blackstone, S. W., Luo, F., Canchola, J., Wilkinson, K. M., & Roman-Lantzy, C. (2021). Children with cortical visual impairment and complex communication needs: Identifying gaps between needs and current practice. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in School, 52, 612-619.
Dutton, G. (2015). Disorders of the brain and how they can affect vision. In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain : Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 39-82). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Fazzi, E., Molinaro, A., & Harmann, E. (2015). “The potential impact of visual impairment and CVI on child development”. In: A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 83-104). American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Lueck, A. H., & Dutton, G. N. (2015). “Intervention Methods: Overview and Principles.” A. H. Lueck & G. N. Dutton (eds). Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children (pp. 497-536). New York, New York: American Foundation for the Blind Press.
Merabet, L. B., Mayer, D. L., Bauer, C. M., Wright, D., & Kran, B. S. (2017). Disentangling how the brain is ‘wired’ in Cortical (Cerebral) visual impairment. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 24, 83-91.
Pamir, Z., Bauer, C. M., Bennett, C. R., Kran, B. S., & Merabet, L. B. (2021). Visual perception supported by verbal mediation in an individual with cerebral visual impairment (CVI). Neuropsychologia, 160, 107982.
Pilling, R.F. (2022) Make it easier: 3-word strategies to help children with cerebral visual impairment use their vision more effectively. Eye.

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